2007年8月31日星期五

王小波:学院派(老妓女) vs. 自由派(小妓女)

王小波,长篇小说《万寿寺》。

……

妓女这种职业似乎谈不上贞节,这种看法只在一般情况下是对的。有些妓女最讲贞节,老妓女就是这种 妓女中的一个。她从来不看着男人的眼睛说话,总是看着他的脚说话;而且在他面前总是四肢着地的爬。据她自己说,干了这么多年,从来没见过男人的生殖器官。 当然,她也承认,有时免不了用手去拿。但她还说:用手拿和用眼看,就是贞节不贞节的区别。老妓女说,她有一位师姐,因为看到了那个东西,就上吊自杀了。上 吊之前还把自己的眼睛挖掉了。有眼睛的人在拿东西时总禁不住要看看,但拿这样东西时又要扼杀这种冲动。所以还不如戴个墨镜。顺便说一句,老妓女就有这么一 副墨镜,是烟水晶制成的,镶在银框子上。假如把镜片磨磨就好了,但是没有磨,因为水晶太硬,难以加工。所谓镜片,只是两块六棱的晶体。这墨镜戴在鼻子上, 整个人看上去像穿山甲。当然,她本人的修为很深,已经用不着这副眼睛,所以也不用再装成穿山甲了。

……

综上所述不难看出,在唐朝,妓女这个行业分为两派。老妓女所属的那一派是学院派,严谨、认真,有 很多清规戒律,努力追求着真善美。这不是什么坏事,人生在世,不管做着什么事,总该有所追求。另一派则是小妓女所属的自由派,主张自由奔放、回归自然,率 性而行。我觉得回归自然也不是坏事。身为作者,对笔下的人物应该做到不偏不倚。但我偏向自由派,假如有自由派的史学,一定会认为,《老佛爷性事考》、《历 史脐带考》都是史学成就。不管怎么说吧,这段说明总算解释了老妓女为什么要收拾小妓女──这是一种门派之争。……

……

不管怎么说吧,老妓女已经决定杀小妓女,而且决心不可动 摇。但小妓女还不甘心,她把反驳老妓女的话说了好几遍,还故意一字一字,鼓唇作势,想让她听不见也能看见。但老妓女只做没听见也没看见,心里却在想反驳的 道理,终于想好了,就把手从耳朵上放下来,说道:小婊子;你既是败类,就不是同行姐妹。我杀你也不是败类。说毕,把刀抢到手里,上前来杀小妓女。要不是小 妓女嘴快,就被她杀掉了。她马上想到一句反驳的话:不对,不对,我既不是同行姐妹,就和你不是一类,如何能算是败类。所以和你还是一类。老妓女一听话头不 对,赶紧丢下刀子,把耳朵又捂上了。我老婆后来评论道,这一段像金庸小说里的某种俗套,但我不这样想。学院派总是拘泥于俗套,这是他们的弱点,可供利用。 可惜自由派和学院派斗嘴,虽然可以占到一些口舌上的便宜,但无法改善自己的地位,因为刀把子捏在人家的手里。

……


2007年8月30日星期四

Semiotic “Fishnet” and Sensuous Acquaintance/ 符号之“网”与感性之“鱼”

William M. Ivins, Jr., Prints and Visual Communication (New York: Da Capo Press, 1969), 53, 59, 63.

(Excerpted passages. Subtitles are my own.)


The Net

The only way that anyone can gain acquaintance which objects, as distinguished from knowledge of them, is through immediate sense awareness of them. It is thus necessary to keep clear the distinction between sensuous acquaintance on the one hand and knowledge by description on the other, for otherwise we are certain to fool ourselves on crucial occasions. We have many different ways of symbolizing both acquaintance and knowledge, but of them all the most important are words and visual images. Both words and visual images may very well be compared to fish nets. When a fisherman tells us that there are no fish in the bay today, what he really means is that he has been unable to catch any in his net—which is quite a different thing. The fish that are too big do not get into his net, and those that are too small simply swim through it and get away. So far as the fisherman is concerned fish are only such creatures as he can catch in his net. In the same way words and visual images catch only the things or qualities they are adequately meshed for. Among the things no word net can ever catch is the personality of objects which we know by acquaintance.


The Classification Problem

The actual object always has something about it that defies neat classification, unless you can manage always to stay in the middle of your definition and not get out towards its shadowy and slippery edges. In other words, our verbal definitions are only good so long as we do not have to think just what they mean. When we do have to think just what they mean we are more than apt to wind up with a very temperamental and wholly chance five to four decision.


The Syntax

Plato’s Ideas and Aristotle’s forms, essences, and definitions, are specimens of this transference of reality from the object to the exactly repeatable and therefore seemingly permanent verbal formula. An essence, in fact, is not part of the object but part of its definition. Also, I believe, the well-known notions of substance and attributable qualities can be derived from this operational dependence upon exactly repeatable verbal descriptions and definitions—for the very linear order in which words have to be used results in a syntactical time order analysis of qualities that actually are simultaneous and so intermingled and interrelated that no quality can be removed from one of the bundles of qualities we call objects without changing both it and all the other qualities. After all, a quality is only a quality of a group of other qualities, and if you change anyone of the group they all necessarily change. Whatever the situation may be from the point of view of a verbalist analysis, from the point of view of visual awarenesses of the kind that have to be used in an art museum the object is a unity that cannot be broken down into separate qualities without becoming merely a collection of abstractions that have only conceptual existence and no actuality. In a funny way words and their necessary linear syntactical order forbid us to describe objects and compel us to use very poor and inadequate lists of theoretical ingredients in the manner exemplified more concretely by the ordinary cook book recipes.


汴京往事/ Once upon a time in Capital Bianliang—circa 1100


駕回儀衛

駕回﹐則御裹小帽簪花乘馬﹐前後從駕 ﹑臣寮﹑百司﹑儀衛悉賜花。大觀初﹐乘驄馬。至太和宮前﹐忽宣小烏﹐其馬至御前﹐拒而不進﹐左右曰﹕此願封官。敕賜龍驤將軍﹐然後就轡。蓋小烏平日御愛之馬也。莫非錦繡盈都﹐花光滿目﹐御香拂路﹐廣樂喧空﹐寶騎交馳﹐綵棚夾路﹐綺羅珠翠﹐戶戶神仙﹐畫閣紅樓﹐家家洞 府﹐遊人士庶﹐車馬無數。妓女舊日乘驢﹐宣政間惟乘馬﹐披涼衫將蓋頭背繫冠子上。少年狎客﹐往往隨後。亦跨馬﹐輕衫小帽﹐有三五文身惡少年控馬﹐謂之﹐花褪馬。用短韁促馬頭﹐刺地而行﹐謂之﹐鞅韁。呵喝馳驟﹐競逞峻逸。遊人往往以竹竿挑掛終日關撲所得之物而歸。仍有貴家士女小轎﹐插花不垂簾縸。自三月一日至四月八日閉池﹐雖風雨亦有遊人﹐略無虛日矣。


根據孟元老《東京夢華錄》的記載﹐北宋末年的汴京是一個和諧社會。皇家的金明池定期向百姓開放﹐從道君皇帝到市民妓女小流氓﹐各得其樂﹐同一個大宋﹐同一個夢想。

以前上 Stephen West (奚如谷)教授課的時候﹐念過這一段﹐覺得太酷了﹐所以記憶猶新。

下面是 Stephen West 教授的翻譯, quoted from his paper, “Spectacle, Ritual, and Social Relations: The Son of Heaven, Citizen, and Created Space in Imperial Gardens in the Northern Song.”


“Ceremonial Guard of the Return of the Auriga”

When the Auriga returns, his head is wrapped in a small cap, and he has flowers stuck in his hair as he rides his horse. His retinue, the high officials, and hundred officials, and his ceremonial guard all are given flowers. At the beginning of the Daguan era, he rode a bayard. He would come to the front of the Palace of Grand Harmony and then suddenly call for Reddy and the horse would come before the emperor. The horse would be held back and not allowed to go forward and the servants would say, “By this he desires to be enfeoffed.” The emperor granted the title of Dragon Courser General, and then Reddy would take the bit. Now Reddy was the horse that the emperor really loved.

It was all:

Damask and brocade filling the capital,
dowers’ radiance flooding the eyes,
imperial scents sweeping the road,
grand music ringing discordant in the air,
jeweled mounts racing hither and yon,
bunted boxes lining the road.
Gauze and silks, pearls and kingfisher feathers—
door after door of spiritual transcendents;
painted galleries and red lofts—
every house a grotto precinct.
Roamers both noble and common,
horses and carts numbered in the thousands.

Singsong girls mostly road asses in the old days, but during the Xuanhe and Zhenghe reigns they only rode horses, mantled in their “cool dusters” with their head coverings tied to the backs of their caps. Young brothel rats often followed behind them, also astride horses and dressed in light gowns and small caps. Three or four tattooed young toughs controlled the girls’ horses, and they were called “flowers falling from the horse.” They controlled the horses’ heads with short tethers, and struck at the ground as they went along, which was called “breast tether.” They shouted and yelled as they raced and ran, competing to show off their spirited elegance. Roamers often went home with the goods they had won gambling the day long, hanging from a bamboo pole. As before, there were the young girls of noble families, in small palanquins studded with flowers, who neither let their curtains nor screens down. From the first of the third month until the eighth of fourth month, when they closed the Reservoir, there were always roamers, not a single day was ever skipped.


關於小烏的翻譯﹐Stephen West 教授有如下註解﹕

Wu is shortened from the horse’s full name, Uhulan 烏護蘭, which is an Altaic word for “red.” (private communication from James Bosson). See Zhang Zhifu 張知甫, Keshu 可書 (SKTY ed.) (Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 1991 photolith.) 2b; 1038.709.


2007年8月29日星期三

The Rousseau Strain in the Contemporary World/ 对卢梭的思考

[卢梭(1717-1778)的油画像,寻自 Wikipedia。]





Benjamin I. Schwartz, “The Rousseau Strain in the Contemporary World” (1978) in China and Other Matters (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), 217-218, 220-221.


...

With the strong emergence of the notion of an impersonal, progressive history after the French Revolution, one witness the transformation of both the Rousseau strain and the engineering strain in modern thought. They are, as it were, both “historicized.” History itself, it was now proclaimed, would bridge the gap between the way things are and the way they ought to be. Yet both strains continue to find expression in quite different images of historic progress. Technology itself, instead of being a transaction between the technologist and the material on which he works, becomes “the process of technological development.” “Industrialization,” “economic forces,” “technological development” become the dominant categories in what might be called the technicoeconomic version of inevitable human progress. Rousseau’s influence, however, also finds its own transformation in those versions of history which treat history as primarily an ethical drama. Despite all of Hegel’s reservations about Rousseau, his account of human history as a march to the realization of freedom as he understands that term is essentially an account of history as a spiritual-ethical drama. When one looks at the work of Marx from this perspective, one finds that what makes him so fascinating is that his later work seems to create an impressive synthesis of both strains. While sharing with Rousseau the view that the progress of the arts and sciences in its broadest sense as technicoeconomic history has been the occasion of enormous injustice and exploitation, he nevertheless finds it “objectively progressive.” He is thus able to regard the progress of industry with both the somber indignation of a Rousseau and the complacent self-congratulation of those who marvel at man’s technical genius. He would have us believe, as it were, that Satan himself may carry to completion the work of the Lord. His good society is, of course, not the same as Rousseau’s Spartan utopia. Individuals in that society would reap the fruits of both the arts and the sciences even while embodying the social virtues dreamt of by Rousseau. These social virtues would furthermore no longer depend on the religion of la patrie.

However impressive this Marxist synthesis may be, I would urge that it has proven unstable among his followers. The question of how history as ethical drama relates to history as technicoeconomic development and as “rationalization” of society remains unresolved. Rousseau has not yet been fully reconciled with Saint-Simon.

...

It might also be added that the historicization of eighteenth-century thought has itself not been entirely successful. The need for legislators has not wholly vanished. The great nineteenth-century accounts of human progress had by the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries become subject to serious doubts. There was the growing feeling that, in order to realize the hopes projected by these various schemes of historic progress, one would no longer be able to rely wholly on the operation of larger impersonal forces. Human intervention, whether by revolutionary vanguards or a social engineering elite, would be necessary to guide the historic processes along their proper channels. This may not have amounted to a full rehabilitation of the great legislator of the Enlightenment nor a full retreat from faith in the forces of history or “development,” but it would indicate that the role played by the legislator in Enlightenment thought had not been rendered entirely superfluous.

...

2007年8月26日星期日

"Healthy and wealthy without you!"—The German's Historical Trouble with Coffee/ 德国人与咖啡的历史纠缠


Wolfgang Schivelbusch, Tastes of Paradise: A Social History of Spices, Stimulants, and Intoxicants
(New York: Pantheon Books, 1992), 72-73, 76.

...

The German relationship to coffee was an index of
Germany's relationship to the advanced nations of the West. Coffee, in fact, would never have attained the eminent position it did in German middle-class life had it not already been a beverage that symbolized the power England and France had assumed in the world at that time. With coffee, the German middle class got to sample, as it were, a bit of Western urbanity it had not yet achieved for itself. The same mechanisms were at play as those that made English literature the supreme model for eighteen-century German authors and that prompted Lessing, for instance, to give his heroines English names.

The German relationship to coffee was further complicated by political-economical problems. These too were intimately tied to
Germany's non participation in world history, that is world economy. For colonial powers such as England, Holland, and France, procuring coffee posed no problems. Until about the end of the seventeenth century they obtained their supplies directly from Arabia. When it became clear that the popularity of coffee would not be a passing phenomenon, that coffee had indeed become the daily beverage of increasingly broader sectors of the population, these nations began to produce it independently.

Germany
, which had no colonies, had to satisfy its demand for coffee through imports procured through middlemen. In this way vast sums of money left the country. For the most part, they flowed into Dutch and French coffers, since the coffee plantations of the French and the Dutch produced not only to meet their own demands, but also for export to third nations, particularly Germany.



"Healthy and wealthy without you!" The attempt to reduce coffee consumption through prohibitions and to return to beer was to remain an isolated episode. An entirely different development eventually led to the solution of the foreign exchange problem and at the same time to an acquired taste for a specifically German coffee flavor. This was the discovery of a coffee substitute, namely chicory coffee. The similarity in taste and color between chicory and coffee had been noted as far back as the eighteenth century. Twenty years later, at the height of active opposition to coffee, the hotel keeper Christian Gottlieb Forster saw an occasion for trying out the substitute. He applied for, and received, from the Prussian state of Frederick II, a six-year privilege to grow, process, and sell chicory coffee. The raison d'etre of chicory coffee was graphically presented on the package in which it was sold. In the background we see an exotic landscape and a sailing ship carrying sacks of coffee, in the foreground a German peasant, sowing chicory and waving away the ship with a gesture of his hand. The caption reads, "Healthy and wealthy without you!"


2007年8月25日星期六

The Nature of Knowledge

Jean Piaget, Psychology and Epistemology: Towards a Theory of Knowledge (London: Penguin Books, 1972), 65.

...

Clearly there is none which would unite all thinkers: the concept of knowledge as a whole is still (and perhaps always will be) a matter of provisional synthesis, a synthesis which is in part subjective because it is in fact dominated by value judgments which are not universally applicable but are specific to certain schools of thought or even to certain individuals. This is why all intelligent men educated as scientists, however enamored they may be of the philosophical ideal of knowledge as a cohesive whole, must eventually agree with Descartes that philosophical meditation should not exceed ‘one day a month’, the remainder of the time being more usefully set aside for experiment and calculation!

...


丰子恺的画(九):小桌呼朋三面坐 留将一面与梅花

2007年8月22日星期三

内廷供奉


还是摘自:
金梁(
1878-1962),《光宣小记》。

内廷供奉

内廷演剧向有升平署承直,咸丰 后始常传外伶,太后幸园驻苑时传召尤频,荣其称曰“内廷供奉”。时由那中堂桐、诚内卿璋为戏提调,内监、外伶每多龃龉,周旋两者之间,余曾目睹屈膝调停, 欣欣然,殊不自以为愧。那常笑对人曰:“今日又坐蜡矣。”众皆戏称为“坐蜡中堂”,甲乙争端,闻此辄一笑而解。


2007年8月20日星期一

Once upon a time in Peking/ 清季往事


金梁(1878-1962),《光宣小记》(上海:上海书店出版社,1998年刊印,为1933铅印本《光宣小记》和1934铅印本《清帝外纪》、《清后外传》合集)

......

大学堂

大学堂在后门内,旧为公主府,乾隆时和嘉公主赐第也。内城不得建楼,惟府内有楼,可与宫闺相望。改大学后,藏书于此,称藏书楼。时李柳溪师为监督,约余任提调事,改学制、整堂规,并开运动会。中国之有运动会,实自此始。京中各学堂均莅会,各国宾使亦偕至参观,学生均易校服如军衣,而余等仍旧衣冠,翎顶袍褂, 周旋其间,已觉不类;尤可笑者,职员赛跑,余亦加入,衣冠奔走,真可入《笑林广记》矣。会后余兴,复演电影,亦为北京有电影之始。而端宅电机炸裂一案,尚 在其后。又事竣宴谢外宾,在六国饭店,欧客醉饱,辄起跳舞,又为京中有跳舞之始。运动、跳舞及电影,在今日为最摩登事,而当时皆发端自我,岂非笑谈?

......

宴见外使

《本纪》:光绪十七年,初,与国来使皆见于紫光阁,谓视如藩属,屡以易地为言,是年正月,始于承光殿觐见。《翁日记》: 光绪十七年正月,上御紫光阁见各国使臣。使臣入殿,凡七鞠躬,上以两首肯答之。此次觐见之先,德使屡起驳难,不欲在紫光阁,并各带翻译,撤去面前黄案等。 惟紫光阁一节不允,馀皆允。闻觐见时,天语清朗,夷使严粟成礼。又,二十四年正月,上御文华殿见各国使臣。初,各国使臣拟乘舆马入禁,上谓可曲从。又,巴使入见,命上踏垛,陈国书于御案上,上宣谕用汉语。此皆从前所未有也。又,德亲王亨利见皇上于玉澜堂,上坐,命亨利坐于右偏。设食南配殿,上至慰劳,德兵举枪击鼓、兵官拔刀以为致敬,上立视,谕云:“兵皆精壮,甚可观。”数日,再见勤政殿,亨利摘帽鞠躬,上起立,与之握手,赐坐,并命送宝星。又,德使觐见文华殿,上纳陛递国书,上亲宣答词,不令庆亲王传宣,上亦佩宝星,盖异数也。

......

按:当代中国的领导接见洋人的时候,往往还是在紫光阁。这当初又是哪位想出的招儿呢?

© Copyright by Dun Wang (王敦). All rights reserved. 著作权拥有者:Dun Wang (王敦)。

2007年8月18日星期六

Colonial Pedagogy/ 殖民地的教育


V.S. Naipaul, The Mimic Men (New York: Vintage Books, 2001), 109-114.

...
I could scarcely wait for my childhood to be over and done with. I have no especial hardship or deprivation to record. But childhood was for me a period of incompetence, bewilderment, solitude and shameful fantasies. It was a period of burdensome secrets – like the word ‘wife’, a discovery about the world which I was embarrassed to pass on to the world – and I longed for nothing so much as to walk in the clear air of adulthood and responsibility, where everything was comprehensible and I myself was as open as a book. I hated my secrets. A complying memory has obliterated many of them and edited my childhood down to a brief cinematic blur. Even this is quite sufficiently painful.

My first memory of school is of taking an apple to the teacher. This puzzles me. We had no apples on Isabella. It must have been an orange; yet my memory insists on the apple. The editing is clearly at fault, but the edited version is all I have. This version contains a few lessons. One is about the coronation of the English king and the weight of his crown, so heavy he can wear it only a few seconds. I would like to know more; but the film jumps to another classroom and the terrors of arithmetic. Then, in this version, as in a dream where we wake before we fall – but not always: recently, doubtless as a result of the effort of memory and this very writing, I dreamt that in this city I was being carried helplessly down a swiftly flowing river, the Thames, that sloped, and could only break my fall by guiding my feet to the concrete pillars of the bridge that suddenly spanned the river, and in my dream I felt the impact and knew that I had broken my legs and lost their use forever – but as in a dream, I say, the terrors of arithmetic disappear. And I am in a new school. Cecil is also there. The first morning, the parade in the quadrangle. ‘Right tweel, left tweel. Boys in the quadrangle, right tweel. Boys on the platform, left tweel, right tweel, left tweel. To the ball, march! Right and left tweel.’ I tweel and tweel. I write what I hear: a tweel to me a very dashing and pointless school twirl. But school is such pointlessness. ‘Today,’ the teacher says, ‘while I full up this roll book, I want you boys to sit down quiet and write a letter to a prospective employer asking for a job after you leave school.’ He gives us details of the job and on the blackboard writes out the opening sentence and one or two others for us to copy. I know I am too young for employment, and I am bewildered. But no other boy is. I write: ‘Dear Sir, I humbly beg to apply for the vacant post of shipping clerk as advertised in this morning’s edition of the Isabella Inquirer. I am in the fourth standard of the Isabella Boys School and I study English, Arithmetic, Reading, Spelling and Geography. I trust that my qualifications will be found suitable. School overs at three and I have to be home by half past four. I think I can get to work at half past three but I will have to leave at four. I am nine years and seven months old. Trusting this application will receive your favourable attention, and assuring you at all times of my devoted service, I remain, my dear Sir, your very humble and obedient servant, R. R. K. Singh.’ The letter is read out to the class be the teacher, who has fulled up his roll book. The class dissolves in laughter. It is an absurd letter. I know; but I was asked for it. Then the letters of other boys like Browne and Deschampsneufs are read out, and I see. Absolute models. But how did they know? Who informs them about the ways of the world and school?

Of Deschampsneufs, in fact, I already knew a little. Soon I was to know more. His distinction was vague but acknowledged by all. The teachers handled him with care. Uniformed servants, one male, one female, brought his lunch to school in a basket and spread it on a white tablecloth on his desk. He had taken me once to his house to see the grape-vine that grew on a trellis in his drive. He told me it was the only grape-vine that grew on the island and was very special and historical. He had also shown me his Meccano set. Grape-vine and Meccano sets were accordingly things which I at once put beyond ambition, just as, until that moment, they had been outside knowledge; they were things that befell a boy like Deschampsneufs. It was also part of his developed ability to manage the world that he had views on the reigning king, preferring the last, whose portrait hung in our school hall; it was a judgement that coloured my view of both kings for years.

Browne of course had no Meccano set and no grape-vine. But Browne too knew his way about the world; his speech to me was the very distillation of the wisdom of a hundred Negro backyards. Browne knew about the police and I believe even had connections with those black men. Browne knew about the current toughs and passed on gossip about sportsmen. Browne was also famous. He knew many funny songs and whenever a song was required at school he was asked to sing. At our concerts he wore a straw hat and a proper suit with a bowtie; people applauded as soon as he came on. His biggest hit was a song called ‘Oh, I’m a happy little nigger’; his miming during this song was so good that people jerked forward on their seats with laughter and often you couldn’t hear the words. I deeply envied Browne his fame and regard. For him the world was already charted.

So it was too for the young in my own family. Cecil had not only lived for a hundred years but had a fantastic memory. He constantly referred to his past and already had the gift of seeing a pattern in events. And there was Cecil’s elder sister Sally. She was the most beautiful person in the world. I was in love with her but I felt I made no impact on her. She had a little court made up of young girls from other families; with her these girls were very grave and adult. Sally read American magazines for the fashions, which she discussed with these girls. They also discussed films in a way that was new to me. They were less interested in the stories than in the actors, about whom each girl appeared to possess an exclusive, ennobling knowledge. This knowledge disheartened me. Sally was especially interested in actors’ noses. This interest had never been mine, had never occurred to me. Was it Peter Lawford’s nose she approved of then? No; that came years later. This interest in noses referred us, her hearers, back to her own nose, which was classical Indo-Aryan, the nostrils, as Sally herself told us, being exactly the shape of a pea. How could I get anywhere with a girl like Sally?

My reaction to my incompetence and inadequacy had been not to simplify but to complicate. For instance, I gave myself a new name. We were Singhs. My father’s father’s name was Kripal. My father, for purposes of official identification, necessary in that new world he adorned with his aboriginal costume, ran these names together to give himself the surname of Kripalsingh. My own name as Ranjit; and my birth certificate said I was Ranjit Kripalsingh. That gave me two names. But Deschampsneufs had five apart from his last name, all French, all short, all ordinary, but this conglomeration of the ordinary wonderfully suggested the extraordinary. I thought to compete. I broke Kripalsingh into two, correctly reviving an ancient fracture, as I felt; gave myself the further name of Ralph; and sighed myself R. R. K. Singh. The name Ralph I chose for the sake of the initial, which was also that of my real name. In this way I felt I mitigated the fantasy or deception; and it helped in school reports, where I was simply Singh R. From the age of eight till the age of twelve this was one of my heavy secrets. I feared discovery at school and at home. The truth came out when we were preparing to leave the elementary school and our records being put in order for Isabella Imperial College. Birth certificates were required.

‘Singh, does this certificate belong to you?’

‘I don’t know. I can’t see it from here.’

‘Funny man. It says here Ranjit Kripalsingh. Are you he? Or have you entered the school incognito?’

So I had to explain.

‘Ranjit is my secret name,’ I said. ‘It is a custom among Hindus of certain castes. This secret name is my real name but it ought not to be used in public.’

‘But this leaves you anonymous.’

‘Exactly. That’s where the calling name of Ralph is useful. The calling name is unimportant and can be taken in vain by anyone.’

Such was the explanation I managed, though it was not in these exact words nor in this tone. In fact, as I remember, I stood close to the teacher and spoke almost in a whisper. He was a man who prided himself on his broad-mindedness.

He looked humble, acquiring strange knowledge. We went on to talk about the Singh, and I explained I had merely revived an ancient fracture. Puzzlement replaced interest. At last he said, loudly, so that the others heard: ‘Boy, do you live by yourself?’ So, in kind laughter, the matter ended at school. But there remained my father. He was not pleased at having to sign an affidavit that the son he had sent out into the world as Ranjit Kripalsingh had been transformed into Ralph Singh....

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