2008年1月28日星期一

“或沦无底,或达仙乡“

严复(1853-1921)译述《天演论》,收自《严译名著丛刊(第一种)》(上海:商务印书馆,1931)。

T.H.HuxIey, “Evolution and Ethics” in CE 9: 46-116. “Evolution and Ethics: Prolegomena” in CE 9:1-43. [CE--Collected Essays (London: 1893-94).]

Alfred Tennyson, Ulysses


经我的导师 Andrew Jones 指点,才发现 Alfred Tennyson 的诗句出现在赫胥黎的原文与严复的译文的结尾。赫胥黎原文(86
页)如下:

We have long since emerged from the heroic childhood of our race, when good and evil could be met with the same 'frolic welcome'; the attempts to escape from evil, whether Indian or Greek, have ended in flight from the battle-field; it remains to us to throw aside the youthful overconfidence and the no less youthful discouragement of nonage. We are grown men, and must play the man

" strong in will
To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield,"

cherishing the good that falls in our way, and bearing the evil, in and around us, with stout hearts set on diminishing it. So far, we all may strive in one faith towards one hope:

"It may be that the gulfs will wash us down,
It may be we shall touch the Happy Isles,
... but something ere the end,
Some work of noble note may yet be done."

这是严复的相关翻译:

丁尼孙之诗曰:沧海,风波茫茫。或沦无底,或达仙乡。二者何择,将然未然。时乎时乎,吾奋吾力。不竦不,丈夫之必。吾愿与普天下有心人,共矢斯志也。(下卷51页,《论十七·进化》)

我觉得严复是意译了 Lord Alfred Tennyson Ulysses 诗篇最后十行:

60 To sail beyond the sunset, and the baths

61 Of all the western stars, until I die.

62 It may be that the gulfs will wash us down:

63 It may be we shall touch the Happy Isles,

64 And see the great Achilles, whom we knew.

65 Tho' much is taken, much abides; and tho'

66 We are not now that strength which in old days

67 Moved earth and heaven, that which we are, we are;

68 One equal temper of heroic hearts,

69 Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will

70 To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.


© Copyright by Dun Wang (王敦). All rights reserved. 著作权拥有者:Dun Wang (王敦)。

Ways of Seeing


The Ambassadors

Hans Holbein the Younger (1497/8-1543)

1533 Oil on oak

207 × 209.5 cm

National Gallery, London


John Berger, Ways of Seeing (London: Penguin, 1972).

...

[Page 89] Holbein’s painting of The Ambassadors (1533) stands at the beginning of the tradition and, as often happens with a work at the opening of a new period, its character is undisguised. The way it is painted shows what it is about. How is it painted?

[Page 90] It is painted with great skill to create the illusion in the spectator that he is looking at real objects and materials. We pointed out in the first essay that the sense of touch was like a restricted, static sense of sight. Every square inch of the surface of this painting, whilst remaining purely visual, appeals to, importunes, the sense of touch. The eye moves from fur to silk to metal to wood to velvet to marble to paper to felt, and each time what the eye perceives is already translated, within the painting itself, into the language of tactile sensation. The two men have a certain presence and there are many objects which symbolize ideas, but it is the materials, the stuff, by which the men are surrounded and clothed which dominate the painting.

Except for the faces and hands, there is not a surface in this picture which does not make one aware of how it has been elaborately worked over—by weavers, embroiderers, carpet-makers, goldsmiths, leather workers, mosaic-makers, furriers, tailors, jewelers—and of how this working-over and the resulting richness of each surface has been finally worker-over and reproduced by Holbein the painter.

This emphasis and the skill that lay behind it was to remain a constant of the tradition of oil painting.

Works of art in earlier traditions celebrated wealth. But wealth was then a symbol of a fixed social or divine order. Oil painting celebrated a new kind of wealth—which was dynamic and which found its only sanction in the supreme buying power of money. Thus painting itself had to be able to demonstrate the desirability of what money could buy. And the visual desirability of what can be bought lies in its tangibility, in how it will reward the touch, the hand, of the owner.

[Page 91] In the foreground of Holbein’s Ambassadors there is a mysterious, slanting, oval form. This represents a highly distorted skull: a skull as it might be seen in a distorting mirror. There are several theories about how it was painted and why the ambassadors wanted it put there. But all agree that it was a kind of memento mori: a play on the medieval idea of using a skull as a continual reminder of the presence of death. What is significant for our argument is that the skull is painted in a (literally) quite different optic from everything else in the picture. If the skull had been painted like the rest, its metaphysical implication would have disappeared; it would have become an object like everything else, a mere part of a mere skeleton of a man who happened to be dead.

[Page 94] Let us now return to the two ambassadors, to their presence as men. This will mean reading the painting differently: not at the level of what it shows within the frame, but at the level of what it refers to outside it.

The two men are confident and formal; as between each other they are relaxed. But how do they look at the painter—or at us? There is in their gaze and their stance a curious lack of expectation of any recognition. It is as though in principle their worth cannot be recognized by others. They look as though they are looking at something of which they are not part. At something which surrounds them but from which they wish to exclude themselves. At the best it may be a crowd honouring them; at the worst, intruders.

What were the relations of such men with the rest of the world?

The painted objects on the shelves between were intended to supply—to the few who could read the allusions—a certain amount of information about their position in the world. Four centuries later we can interpret this information according to our own perspective.

[Page 95] The scientific instruments on the top shelf were for navigation. This was the time when the ocean trade routes were being opened up for the slave trade and for the traffic which was to siphon the riches from other continents into Europe, and later supply the capital for the take-off of the industrial revolution.

In 1519 Magellan had set out, with the backing of Charles V, to sail round the world. He and an astronomer friend, with whom he had planned the voyage, arranged with the Spanish court that they personally were to keep twenty per cent of the profits made, and the right to run the government of any land they conquered.

The globe on the bottom shelf is a new one which charts this recent voyage of Magellan’s. Holbein has added to the globe the name of the estate in France which belonged to the ambassador on the left. Besides the globe are a book of arithmetic, a hymn book and a lute. To colonize a land it was necessary to convert its people to Christianity and accounting, and thus to prove to them that European civilization was the most advanced in the world. Its art included.

...

2008年1月18日星期五

国耻图录(三):平壌攻撃電気使用之図

平壌攻撃電気使用之図


小林清親画

2008年1月17日星期四

在下降线行进的民国政府(转载)

在下降线行进的民国政府


张鸣

帝制结束之后,中国变了民国,在名义上,共和制的招牌已经挂在了首都的城门楼上,在中国历史上,破天荒地第一次建立了代议制政府。民国的前半段,人称北洋军阀统治时期,从
19121928年,差不多16年。这一段历史,类似东汉末年,群雄并起,乱打群架的时光,今儿联甲倒乙,明儿乙联丙倒甲,后天甲再联合乙、丙、 戊等一起倒乙。南与北打,东与西打,一省甚至一区之内,几个小军阀忽而刀兵相见,忽而握手言欢。看这段历史,谁都头大,不仅头痛混战不已,民生涂炭,还头痛找不到头绪,连最好读的陶菊隐先生的《北洋军阀统治时期史话》,往往几页就冒出来几十个人名,几场乱仗同时开打,乱哄哄,你未唱罢我登场,叫我如何认得他!


不过,如果粗线条的概括,民国北洋这段,从北京政府的角度上看,大体上是袁世凯4年,皖系4年,直系4年,奉系4年,袁世凯,段祺瑞,曹锟、吴佩孚,张作霖依次各唱了4年的戏。这16年,虽然依王闿运的对子,民犹是也,国犹是也,无分南北;总而言之,统而言之,不是东西,但细分起来,还是有分别。比较令 人感到悲哀的是, 这一时期的民国政府,在民主制度方面,是沿着下降线行进。袁世凯时期,民国元年的国会,是全国普选的,尽管农民们未必知道选举是怎么回事,大多数人实际上 是由别人包办着投的票,但普选的形式,毕竟在,人为操纵的痕迹不大,其实是各地的精英按照他们的意志,选出了他们心目中应该做议员的人(有的地方,人还在 国外留学,已经被选为议员)。到了皖系上台,组织了安福俱乐部,操纵选举,结果弄出来一个安福国会。轮到直系出头,居然公开贿选,议员成了猪仔。冯玉祥联 合奉系倒直,首先推出来的临时政府,居然连代议制机关都没有,接下来的奉系政府,干脆就是军政府,首领是大元帅。套一句俗语,黄鼠狼生老鼠,一代不如一 代。

当然,我们可以说这个时期,当政的都是军阀武夫,不知道宪政是怎么回事,就像民国的外交家顾维钧所说的那样,袁世凯对西方民主,缺乏起码的认识。袁世凯如 此,袁世凯之后的北洋团体中的骁将,则更是等而下之。不过,事情还有另一面,虽然武夫不了解西方的代议制,更不懂民主是什么,可毕竟他们都是从晚清过 来的,深知清朝积弱积贫的历史,明了若干年来中国学习西方的艰苦努力,虽然他们不了解代议制,不了解西方的民主制度,但这个制度的优越,却是经过西方的先生们验证过的,即便在清朝的王公贵族最喜欢的帝制德国,也有国会和宪法。吃过西方军队苦头,并且受过西式军事教育,其中有些人还留过学(德国和日 本)的经历,至少知道他们所效法的西方,称雄世界的道理。更有意思的是,这些武夫,实际上,对风靡知识界的进化论,也略晓一二,他们对当时堪称时代的意识 形态的社会达尔文主义,是从心底里服膺的,就当时而言,西方的制度,就意味着进步,意味着进化的方向。所以,不了解代议制,不明白民主制度,不意味着他们 会完全不理会这个制度,不希望尝试按照这个制度操作一下,好让中国也强盛起来。我们所说的北洋军阀,其实是中国人学习西方推行军事现代化的产物,他们不见 得都是我们教科书所说的卖国贼,至少,也有希望中国好起来的愿望。所谓的北洋团体中,像张勋这样的人是少数,而且属于团体的边缘人物(不是北洋军事学 校出来的人),其它的人,即使对共和并不热心,也不至于公然开倒车,所谓的袁世凯复辟,他的帝制,其实并没有取消代议制,打的主意是君主立宪制。反过来也可以理解,尽管中国进入共和政体以来,国家之混乱,国势之衰落,比之晚清有过之而无不及,可复辟却总也实现不了(包括强人袁世凯所尝试的看起来仅仅退了一 小步的帝制),反对者中,最有力量的还是北洋团体的军人们。进化论的魅力,在那个时代,显然不是其它什么力量可以抵消的。

但是,在这16年中,我们也看到了另外一种场景,每当这些武夫打算尊重代议制的时候,跟国会往往很难处理好关系,处处是坎,冲突不断,什么事都做不成。当他们抛弃了对宪法,和对国会的尊重,实践起他们一向熟悉的权术操作、军人干政时,则到处绿灯,诸事遂顺,想干什么往往就能成什么。这是一个令人悲哀的现实, 但的确是现实。当袁世凯尊重宪政的时候,民元的国会选举,他没有干预,甚至没有利用自己的行政资源,对自己所期待的政党施一援手,眼睁睁看着同盟会变的国 民党,取得优势,成了国会具有绝对优势的第一大党。然而,在这种情况下,他步履维艰了,面对辛亥革命后各地乱糟糟的局面,遍地民军,遍地军政府,土匪,帮会横行,中央政府,统一财政,削减民军,整顿地方,一样也做不成。然而,最后袁世凯动武了,大兵一到,反抗的国民党势力土崩瓦解,大小头目出国流亡。更损的是,袁世凯派人化装成公民,组织公民团包围国会,逼国会选他为正式大总统,居然这个国民党人占多数的国会,还就真的把他选成了正式大总统。吃硬 不吃软的政治现实,逼得北洋军阀走回了老路。既然做君子不如做小人,甚至做流氓,那么索性就流氓做到底。坐上正式大总统宝座的袁世凯,干脆以收缴议员国民 党党证的方式,把国民党议员统统赶走,迫使国会因不过半数开不成会,然后自己一家说了算,连刚刚的盟友进步党人,也一块涮。然而,接下来,他进入了自家统 治的最高点,秩序稳定,改革前进,一些非北洋系的地方军人,也开始被收抚,国家的财政收入,也很有起色。若不是日本乘欧洲列强忙于世界大战之际,对中国提二十一条,让袁世凯做不起人,出现了合法性危机,一切看起来很是不错。

当然,真的把袁世凯毁了的,还是他的帝制改革,这一招,不仅没能实现他加强中央权力的初衷,反而给了那些原本在他削藩过程中惴惴不安的地方势力以反抗的借口,一个合乎进化论意识形态的最好借口。送了他性命的二陈汤(原本是他亲信的四川督军陈宦、陕西督军陈树藩和湖南督军汤芗铭都宣布独立反袁),本是自家从药店买来的。

同样,接下来统领北洋团体,控制北京政府的段祺瑞的遭遇也是如此。当身为国务总理的他,尊重民元国会,尊重民元约法的时候,几乎寸步难行,处处掣肘,跟国会以及虚位的总统黎元洪的关系,越来越僵,直至最后绝裂。当他玩阴谋,耍诡计,煽动督军团干政,最后利用张勋赶走黎元洪,复辟帝制,把逊清的小皇帝抬出来的时候,反而左右逢源, 连黎元洪都再次委任他为国务总理,组织讨逆军,杀回北京,他成了再造共和的大英雄。成了英雄之后,接受前段时间府院之争的教训,开始组织选举听话的国 会,从日本弄来的西原大借款,多半养了自家的私家武力参战军,少部分堆出来一个安福国会,选出一个乖巧的听话总统徐世昌,从此,政治强人段祺瑞要什么有什么,再也没人挡道。段祺瑞最后栽就栽在武力统一的策略上。武力统一南方,在用武过程中,同室相残,消耗掉同属北洋团体的直系力量,借刀杀人,一石二 鸟。直系的吴佩孚卖力打下了湖南,但湖南督军却给了只知道捞钱的张敬尧,只因为张是段的亲信,而立下大功的吴佩孚只许在湘南前线拼命。算盘打得不错,但谁都不是傻子,包括吴佩孚的主公,人称曹三傻子的曹锟。结果是,武力统一,变成了北洋火并,直系从湖南前线回师北上,段祺瑞花大钱养的少爷兵,敌不住吴佩孚,天下从此变了颜色。皖系倒台之后,有一个直系和奉系共同当家的时段,在这个阶段,占了优势的直系调子唱得很高,对宪政看起来相当尊重,不仅民元国会重开,连黎元洪都再作冯妇,重回总统宝座。可是,一旦奉系被驱逐出关,直系一统北京政府之后,曹锟就公然搞起了贿选,早就堕落成政客的民元国会议员,也相当配合,3000元一票,5000元一票地把个文字上只知道写一笔字的曹锟,选成了民国大总统。连选总统都可以收钱投票的国会,自然做不起代议机 关,国会,从此废掉。北京政府,进入了曹锟要钱,吴佩孚专权的时代。

直系的垮掉,跟内部分裂有关。一方面是吴佩孚个人专权,排挤同一系统的其它将领,尤其是直系的另一员骁将冯玉祥。一方面也是由于吴佩孚民族主义的高调唱得太高,上去下不来,阻碍了北京政府靠出卖主权换取借款的途径,导致中央政府财力枯竭,机关干部和军警一起上街游行讨薪。财力有限,难免就分赃不均,吴佩孚自家的嫡系还能保障供给,而别的人,尤其是没有地盘的冯玉祥就好闹穷,转而接受直系夙敌奉系的资助,一旦直奉开战,冯玉祥倒戈自然不可避免。原本旗鼓相当的直奉,打得正激烈的当口,直系一个方面军回师倒戈,抄了大队人马的后路,吴佩孚再硬也撑不下去,于是,开始了奉系入主北京政府的时代。当然,奉系时代的序幕,有一个国民军和奉系共同当家的过渡,此时的临时政府,又抬出了段祺瑞,段的头衔,是临时执政,执政府,根本没有立法机关。接下来的奉系政府,干脆就是 军政府,胡子出身的张作霖,做了大元帅,代议机关,连形式上存在的可能性都没有了。奉系统治的4年,是北洋时期最黑暗的时期。不仅连形式上的代议机关不复存在,连起码的言论自由,也遭到封杀。敢言的记者被捕杀,民国最有名的两个名记者,邵飘萍、林白水,都死在奉系军阀手里。学生的游行请愿,也遭到军警射杀,著名的318惨案,被鲁迅称为民国以来最黑暗的一天,这样的事情,也只有在奉系的天下里,才可能出现。北京的教育界,一向独立,由专家教授治校,但奉 系上台之后,派人接管,说是教员的薪水不再拖欠,但必须听话,如果不听话,就军法从事。张作霖的名言,管你吃,管你穿,不听话怎么能行?汉高祖刘邦约法三 章,我只一章,不听话就枪毙。后来,由于小张(张学良)后来在西安事变中的表现,一白遮百丑,结果,父藉子贵,连老张(张作霖)的种种,包括做土匪打家劫 舍,也变得很是正面,实在是历史叙述的滑稽。当然,这已经是后话了。

中央政府在下降线上行进,其它地方也如此。孙中山的南方政府,非常国会,也一样卷在阴谋、暗杀,军阀恶斗之中难以自拔,孙中山在骂南北军阀一丘之貉的时候,他的政治操作,也没有脱离权术和武力威胁的窠臼。湖南的赵恒惕,广东的陈炯明提倡联省自治,省宪倒是做的像模像样,可是基于省宪的自治却都谈不上,还是有枪的说了算。从骨子里讲,北洋时代跟中国历史其它历史阶段出现的军阀统治时期,没有本质的区别,都是唯力是恃,武力崇拜。整个社会进入一个武化时期,人与人之间的关系,原有的调节机制受到很大破坏,暴力手段受到最多的推崇,枪杆子,成为这一时期最有价值的物品。枪杆子里面出政权,实际上是湖南一个文人出身的军阀谭延闿总结出来的,很形象地揭示了这一时期政治的真谛。然而,这一时期的政治,跟东汉末年和五代十国时期又有不一样的地方。这时的中国,已经被西方拉入了它们的世界体系,军阀政治,无论在操作手段上多么的传统,但毕竟摆脱不了现代性的印痕。中国农民,在闹义和团的时候,对洋枪洋炮还相当地陌生,想拥有,但拥有了却不会使用。可是经过军阀多年混战、兵变为匪,匪变成兵的战争习染,农民对西洋火器的熟悉程度,实现了质的飞跃。招来农民,稍加训练,就是兵,当兵也成为很多地区农民的一项还算不坏的职业选择,这一切,也为后来的共产主义的农村革命,提供了准备。

更令人悲哀的是,这一时期的知识界,不但没有阻止政治的下滑,反而在某种程度上起了推波助澜的作用。学界的主流政治意向,只在两个方面特别的活跃,一方面依然沉醉于根本解决的方案,当发现制度改变没有能改变中国的时候,就把努力方向投向伦理和文化改造方向。新文化运动本身倒无可厚非,但知识界寄托在其上的政治理想,不仅过于沉重,而且模糊了政治变革的真正方向。另一方面,某些知识精英,又对好人政治,贤人政治有过多的幻想,甚至希望托庇于某个好军阀,借助军事和政治的强力,实现自己的政治抱负。这一时期虽然也不乏有留学西方,专攻宪政和民主的学者回国,但就总体而言,西方民主宪政理论的研究,在中国并无多大起色,即使在学界也没有多少声音,学界丧失了对政治的理性思考的能力。相反,唯物史观和阶级话语,倒在学界逐渐发出大声,甚至占据主流。唯一有力的抵抗,倒来自于主张文化 保守主义的陈寅恪、钱穆等人。北洋时期这种延下降线行进的政治演进,值得后来的人们认真地思考,在政治的台前表演的军阀武夫们,不见得都是白鼻子的丑角, 也不见得都是背后受帝国主义列强牵线操纵的牵线木偶。中国政治从代议制逐渐演变军事专制,最后变成国民党统治时期的党治和军事专制的混合,道理何在?绝非一句转型期的特有现象可以说清楚。历史从来都是复杂的,北洋时期纷乱的历史,就更加复杂,这个复杂,蕴含着机遇,一种可以解开我们这个古老民族现代化转型迷局的机遇,但愿,当我们再次面对北洋历史的时候,不要再放过了。

转载自天益网 (http://www.tecn.cn)

Mirror and Mythology

Northrop Frye, Creation and Recreation (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1980), 6-7.

...

Our envelope, as I have called it, the cultural insulation that separates us from nature, is rather like (to use a figure that has haunted me from childhood) the window of a lit-up railway carriage at night. Most of the time it is a mirror of our own concerns, including our concern about nature. As a mirror, it fills us with the sense that the world is something which exists primarily in reference to us: it was created for us; we are the centre of it and the whole point of its existence. But occasionally the mirror turns into a real window, through which we can see only the vision of an indifferent nature that got along for untold aeons of time without us, seems to have produced us only by accident, and, if it were conscious, could only regret having done so. This vision propels us instantly into the opposite pole of paranoia, where we seem to be victims of a huge conspiracy, finding ourselves, through no will of our own, arbitrarily assigned to a dramatic role which we have been given no script to learn, in a state of what Heidegger calls ‘thrownness.”

The cultural aura, or whatever it is, that insulates us from nature consists among other things of words, and the verbal [Page 7] part of it is what I call a mythology, or the total structure of human creation conveyed by words, with literature at its centre. Such a mythology belongs to the mirror, not the window. It is designed to draw a circumference around human society and reflect its concerns, not to look directly at the nature outside.

...


2008年1月3日星期四

野鸡百年

王敦

野鸡百年


中国的官场与欢场,“潜规则”似乎是相通的,晚清人不傻,一百年前就把这事儿给说透了。下面这一则俏皮話见于1906年上海的《月月小说》第一号,抄录如下:

野雞


野雞訟於冥王曰。我本是一極有文采之物。故聖王亦繪我之像于衣服中。名我為華虫。何以近來上海胡家宅一帶之流娼。亦襲我之名。冥王曰。時勢不同也。古聖王重爾。故取以繪衣。今人不重爾。故借爾以名流娼耳。野雞曰。不然。今之二品官。亦繡我為以補服。何云不重。冥王沉吟曰。既如此。我交代世人。 將來這些二品銜的官。也叫他做野雞官。給你一點面子罷。

把事儿说得巧妙要靠修辞。修辞的作用,我觉得用最直白的话来讲,就是在本来没有关联的语片之间创造意想不到的关联,让人若有所感,并且念念不忘,甚至对我们 的认知和判断造成影响。这则“俏皮话”题目里点出“野鸡”,结尾落在“野鸡官”上面。短短的一百多字里已经完成了若干次对“野鸡”这个喻体的修辞转换。下面试分析一下:(很清楚自己在修辞领域是外行,难免有说错的地方,还请内行朋友指教。)

1,野鸡与“华虫”

虽然我不十分明了中国古代服饰里面的象征含义,但大略也能猜出在官服上,野鸡的华丽被借喻成了尊贵。

2,妓女与野鸡

在晚清的上海,野鸡俨然已经成为了妓女的隐喻:妓女为本体,野鸡为喻体。关联特征为:在外表上,二者都花里胡哨,艳丽招摇。

3,野鸡与冥王的对话

“冥王”是社会历史语言的体验者和裁判,就如同我们每一位“读者”一样。野鸡作为“本体”直接出面,批评它在晚清社会语言中的新修辞隐喻不公平,实在是滑稽。

4,官与“野鸡”/ 妓女

终于,在官和妓女(加了引号的“野鸡”)之间,建立了隐喻关联,官为本体,妓女/“野 鸡”为喻体。官对他的上司,就如同妓女对她的恩公。官不“爱”上司,妓女也不爱恩公,爱的是上司和恩公的权与钱。但是,官要拍好上司好发财,妓女也要忸怩作态好进帐。官员和妓女,表面上都要以本行业的方式招摇取媚于贵人,内心里想的却是抓住机会多捞一点是一点。到这里,冥王沉吟之后做出的评判,也就让读者觉得合情合理了。


© Copyright by Dun Wang (王敦). All rights reserved. 著作权拥有者:Dun Wang (王敦)。