范伯群
李欧梵多次提到苏州大学的范伯群教授,称道他多年来他对于中国近现代通俗小说的研究。他主编了两套丛书《民初都市通俗小说(十卷)》(台湾:业强出版社,1993)和 《中国近现代通俗作家评传丛书(十二卷)》(南京:南京出版社1994),还有《中国近现代通俗文学史》(南京:江苏教育出版社,2000。)
We rightly say of ourselves, we were born, and afterward we were born again, and many times. --Ralph Waldo Emerson (“Fate”)
尼采的这段话,说的是何谓“真理”。
A mobile army of metaphors, metonymies, anthropomorphisms: in short a sum of human relations which became poetically and rhetorically intensified, metamorphosed, adorned, and after long usage seem to a nation fixed, canonic and binding; truths are illusions of which one has forgotten that they are illusions. (Nietzsche, “On Truth and Falsity in Their Ultramoral Sense” (1873), in The Complete Works of Nietzsche, 2:180
一支由比喻、借喻、和拟人化修辞所组成的流动大军:简而言之,是经由修辞和艺术手法所强化处理、变形和修饰的人类关系总和。它们经过长时间的使用,俨然成为环环相扣的神圣王国。真理是让人忘记它们是虚幻的虚幻。
Posted by Dun Wang at 22:58 0 comments
中文部分,都是自己的翻译。
To set prices, measure values, think up equivalences, to exchange things—that preoccupied man's very first thinking to such a degree that in a certain sense it's what thinking is.
—Nietzsche
价格的设定、价值的衡量、思考对等物、交换——从人最初具有思维以来,这些东西就深深地占据着人的头脑。从某种程度上说,它们是思维的本质。
——尼采《论道德的谱系》
Posted by Dun Wang at 20:17 0 comments
孟子谓戴不胜曰:“子欲子之王之善与?我明告子。有楚大夫于此,欲其子之齐语也,则使齐人傅诸?使楚人傅诸?”曰:“使齐人傅之。”曰:“一齐人傅之,众楚人咻之,虽日挞而求其齐也,不可得矣;引而置之庄岳之间数年,虽日挞而求其楚,亦不可得矣。与,平声。咻,音休。戴不胜,宋臣也。齐语,齐人语也。傅,教也。咻,讙也。齐,齐语也。庄岳,齐街里名也。楚,楚语也。此先设譬以晓之也。
Posted by Dun Wang at 12:16 0 comments
Labels: 《孟子》, 引而置之庄岳之间, Mencius (Mengzi)
傅兰雅(John Fryer),出生于英国肯特郡海斯镇(Hythe, Kent)一穷苦牧师家庭。翻译家,传教士。在将19世纪西方科学引入中国方面,他的成就无人可比。从1868年起到1896年二十八年时间,他在清政府的重要洋务机构,江南制造局任翻译馆的主管。与中国同事一起,傅兰雅翻译了大量科学与工程学读本,经手的翻译超过百种。1874年,参与创办中国第一所科学学校——格致书院;1875年主编创办了近代中国第一份科学杂志——《格致汇编》;1885年创办近代中国第一家科技书店——格致书室。清廷为表彰傅兰雅,特赐他三品头衔。详情参见王扬宗:《傅兰雅与近代中国的科学启蒙》(科学出版社,2000)。另外值得一提的是,1896年傅兰雅离开江南制造局,去了美国加州大学,执教于伯克利(Berkeley),一直到1914年75岁才退休。其间他创立了东方语言系(Department of Oriental Languages),成为第一任系主任。此系现在名为“东方语言与文化系”(Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures),也是笔者做博士研究的地方。在遗嘱里,他把自己超过两千册的个人手稿和藏书捐赠给加州大学,成为加大收集东亚图书的开端。后来在1947年发展成为加大伯克利分校(UC Berkeley)的东亚图书馆(East Asian Library)。
Posted by Dun Wang at 12:13 1 comments
Labels: 东亚, 傅兰雅, 格致, 加州伯克利大学 (加州柏克萊大學), 江南制造局, 洋务, John Fryer, UC Berkeley
1904年,美国举办圣路易博览会(Louisiana Purchase Exposition - St. Louis World’s Fair),中国亦受邀参加。虽然这不是中国第一次参加博览会,却是满清政府有史以来最重视的一次,破天荒派溥伦贝子赴会。这一次清政府绕开了由洋人把持的海关,并花巨资修建了具有浓郁民族风格的中国村和中国展馆。
照片里是前来为中国馆凑数的中国孩子。
Posted by Dun Wang at 15:41 1 comments
Labels: 海关, 满清, 溥伦贝子, 圣路易博览会, 世博会, St. Louis, World's Fair 1904
Page 21
Few things have been so exhilarating for aesthetic studies—and so fatal to their empirical solidity—as Hegel’s marriage of philosophy of history with idealist aesthetics. In the Aesthetics, every historical epoch has in essence one ideal content to ‘express’, and it gives ‘sensible manifestation’ to it through one artistic form. It was practically inevitable that—following the argument in reverse—once one had defined a rhetorical form one felt authorized to link it directly to the idea—single, solitary, resplendent—in which a whole epoch is supposedly summed up. Inevitable, and wrong—or at least, nearly always. Although from time to time moments of extraordinary intellectual and formal compactness occur, as a rule the opposite happens in history, and no system of values has ever been able to represent a Zeitgeist without being challenged by rival systems.
Moretti, Franco. “The Soul and the Harpy” in Signs Taken for Wonders: Essays in the Sociology of Literary Forms. trans. Susan Fischer, et al. London: Verso, 1983, pp. 1-41.
Posted by Dun Wang at 21:21 0 comments
Labels: Franco Moretti
最近我越发觉得 Franco Moretti 对我的研究很有用,特别是今后的研究。应该细看他的书。也巧。中午在Free Speech Cafe 读 Moretti,很自然地想起曾经向我大力推荐的法语系 Hampton 教授。果然看到了他也在买饭,一见面我就从书包里拿出 The Soul and the Harpy,其实是今天才又翻出来的。一年多没见了。有多巧。说明我和 Moretti 有学术缘份,来日方长。
Page 19
It is impossible to deny that human society is a multifarious, complex, overdetermined whole; but the theoretical difficulty obviously lies in trying to establish the hierarchy of different historical factors. the solution to this problem is, in turn, broadly an historical, empirical one. In an essentially agrarian society, climatic changes will have a far greater importance than in a basically industrial one. If the majority of the population is illiterate, the written culture will oscillate between playing a wholly negligible part and having an overwhelming and traumatic function (as the printing of the Bible demonstrated). If, on the other hand, everyone is able to read, the written culture is unlikely to turn up such extreme effects, but in compensation it will become the regular and intimate accompaniment to every daily activity.
As historical periods change, then, the weight of the various institutions, their function, their position in the social structure change too. When, therefore, the historian of literary forms begins to look for those extra-literary phenomena which will help him (whether he knows it or not) orient and control his research, the only rule he can set himself is to assess each instance carefully….
Let us take the knowledge of state structures and politico-juridical thought. This will be very helpful—and theoretically ‘pertinent’—for analyzing tragic form in the age of
Page 20
absolutism, but it will be a lot less so for studying comic form in the same period. In the eighteenth century it will remain important for analyzing the ‘satiric’ form of the novel, and yet be almost totally irrelevant for analyzing the ‘realist’ novel. Or again, a study of sexual prohibitions and certain dream symbols deriving from them can provide many suggestions about the literature of terror and practically nothing about detective fiction of the same decade. Conversely, the emotional reactions to the second industrial revolution will be pertinent to the analysis of science fiction, rather less so to that of detective fiction, and quite insignificant for the literature of terror.
… The different institutions of history have uneven rhythms of development, and in this respect the primary task of criticism is to outline the evolution of its own area of analysis, even if this leads it to move away from or contradict periodizations operating elsewhere. The reconstruction of a unified historiographical map is a subsequent, and typically interdisciplinary, problem. But it can be successfully tackled only if one possesses knowledge corroborated against the specific criteria of each particular area.
A final point of specification, even if the scope of the argument makes it superfluous: an extra-literary phenomenon is never more or less important as a possible ‘object’ or ‘content’ of a text, but because of its impact on systems of evaluation and, therewith, on rhetorical strategies. The phenomenon of popularized science is not ‘part’ of detective fiction because the detective works ‘scientifically’ (which is true enough but banal). Rather, we can say (taking a greater risk) that ‘science’ enters crime fiction by way of a particular semiotic mechanism (the decipherment of clues) and a narrative function reserved for it alone (the final denouement). If we analyse these two rhetorical choices further (and increase the risk
Page 21
of being wrong even further) we can say that the decipherment of clues presupposes that ‘science’ is identified with an organicist ideology based on the ‘common-sense’ notion that differences in status cannot be altered; that the ending of the detective novel sketches an image of temporality where ‘science’, instead of being an activity which solicits some sort of ‘progress’, plays a drastically stabilizing role, guaranteeing the immutability of the given social order, or at least reducing its changes to a minimum.
Moretti, Franco. “The Soul and the Harpy” in Signs Taken for Wonders: Essays in the Sociology of Literary Forms. trans. Susan Fischer, et al. London: Verso, 1983, pp. 1-41.
Posted by Dun Wang at 20:16 0 comments
Labels: Franco Moretti, Free Speech Cafe, The Soul and the Harpy
當此之時。余心中所有一切歡娛快樂之感情。早已付諸九霄雲外。無何有之鄉矣。故雖欲強顏為笑。總不可得。惟時覺懮心忡忡。驚悸恐怖而已。非但不能稍自寬解。且憂悶之餘。反而自憐自憫。懊悔欲死。不覺深自痛責曰。噫﹑余何人斯。彼何人斯。而竟不加深察。而同至於此耶。彼工師者。外國人也。非我族類。其心必異。彼老悖者。癲癇之人也。彼自身且不惜。更何有於余。嗟乎。余何辜。乃遭斯厄。蓋余此去。必死無疑。雖然。人孰無死。死亦常事耳。不過遲早之間耳。第此非余所自創之事業。與余有何關涉。而乃無端犧牲其生命耶。
读罢有一种中国被“现代”所劫持的感觉,就好像此篇小说里叙事者所乘“宇宙飞船”,其航向不是他的主观意识所能主宰的。驾驶是外国人,发明家也是外国人。这哪如列子般的御风而行那样坦然?在“现代化的飞船上”,加速腾飞的过程必须分秒不差,而且充满了风险。
Posted by Dun Wang at 09:21 0 comments
Labels: 科幻小说, 晚清, 现代化, modernity, Science Fiction
Opium for tea—a formula which not only explains the successes of English imperialism in the Far East, but which thoroughly typified Europe’s relationship to the Third World.
Wolfgang Schivelbusch, Tastes of Paradise: A Social History of Spices, Stimulants, and Intoxicants (New York: Pantheon Books, 1992), 223.
Posted by Dun Wang at 21:08 0 comments
Labels: Far East, Imperialism, Opium, Pantheon Books, Tea, Wolfgang Schivelbusch
Posted by Dun Wang at 23:28
Labels: 北洋水師, 东亚, 李鸿章, 马关条约, 晚清, 洋务, 印度总督, 英国, 直隸總督, 殖民地统治, Late Qing, Li Hongzhang, Lord Curzon, Lord Salisbury
悲歌可以当泣,远望可以当归。思念故乡,郁郁累累。欲归家无人,欲渡河无船,心思不能言,肠中车轮转。
Posted by Dun Wang at 21:32 0 comments
Labels: 乐府诗集
今天从网上发现了这篇文章,大概是近二年的。虽不知何方神圣,但心内十分仰慕。我负笈海外,淹留日久,时时起长铗归来之叹。幸而能从互联网上读到好文章,聊解思念故国之情。对作者的思想和文笔钦佩之余,更对祖国的未来具有信心。
羁留海外的我,对祖国知识界当下的焦点不曾有深入的了解。真希望能得到些指点。
In order to assess and divine the real meaning of others’ words in everyday life, the following are surely of decisive significance: who precisely is speaking, and under what concrete circumstances?
“Discourse in the Novel” in M. M. Bakhtin, The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981), 340.
Posted by Dun Wang at 21:29 0 comments
Labels: 巴赫金, M. M. Bakhtin
下面這段文字摘錄自高爾泰的散文《常書鴻先生》﹐見于《讀書》雜誌﹐2002年第9期。據高爾泰稱﹐此游戲文字是在1968年初秘密寫給當時正在挨整的常先生夫婦的。在偏遠的敦煌﹐大年三十﹐高爾泰躲過了革命群眾的眼睛,來常先生的棚子裡探望。本想吃頓年夜飯﹐卻害怕燉雞的香味會引來災禍。最終,高爾泰只撕下一只雞腿匆匆而去﹐留下這張字條﹕
明年的新聞——擬預言
一月零日 毛主席下令對蘇聯實行軍管,軍管組駐在位于中蘇邊境之赤塔。因此蘇聯的革命中心,亦已由莫斯科轉移到赤塔云。
一月一日 蘇聯《文學報》改名《衛東》雜志,复刊發行。刊文揭露托爾斯泰在雅斯那雅波良納放債收租,剝削農民的事實,并登出租契照片若干,使人看后,肺都要气炸了。該文編者按指出,列宁撰文紀念這個大地主,是嚴重的路線錯誤。
六月六十日 湘潭中學全無敵戰斗小組在席呂塞爾要塞的夾牆里搜出大量信件,證明馬克思和恩格斯企圖通過一個叫梅西金的坏蛋,前往西伯利亞勾結一貫為沙皇效勞因而獲寵的車爾尼雪夫斯基,真是卑鄙無恥到了极點。
九月二十五日 為了迎接中國國慶,日本革命委員會和古巴革命委員會相繼成立。成立大會都拍了給毛主席的致敬電,稱為最最最最最敬愛的偉大領袖。《人民日報》先后發表《紅太陽照亮了富士山》和《加勒比海的春潮》兩篇社論,表示祝賀。
十二月二十日 紐約紅衛兵抄家抄得黃金無數,決議在紐約港口被砸爛了的自由女神像原址,豎一毛主席金像代之。
十三月三日 牛津、劍橋、哈佛等校聯合慶祝教改胜利,介紹經驗云:基本教材是毛選四卷加農場勞動。
百月五日 國際科學家協會舉行學毛選模范授獎大會。給哥白尼、達爾文、愛迪生、愛因斯坦等人發獎。因為一切發明創造,都是毛澤東思想的偉大成果。有人建議給馬克思也發一獎,正在研究中。有人建議給香港馬會的常胜馬發獎,以別有用心罪被捕。
余生也晚﹐雖然從這段荒誕離奇的文字上能細讀出當時的局勢及作者的憤懣﹐但畢竟與那個時代的切身感受隔了一層。從書裡讀出來的﹐不如刻在記憶裡的。
我是一個後生﹐沒有經歷過五八年和文革刻骨銘心的磨難或磨煉。關於那段歷史﹐眾人的回憶和書寫很多。回憶和書寫可以是面對自己﹐面對君親師友﹐也可以是面對蒼生﹐風格﹑方式和角度也因人而異。其中﹐王小波(1952-1997)的小說很讓我難忘。下面的段落﹐摘自王小波的小說《革命時期的愛情》。
五八年我走到了操場上,走到一些奇怪的建筑之間,那些建筑頂上有好多奇形怪狀的黃煙筒,冒出紫色的煙霧。那些煙霧升入天空,就和天空的紫色混為一体。這給了我一個超現實主義的想法,就是天空是從煙筒里冒出來的。但我不是達利,不能把煙囪里冒出的天空畫在畫布上。除此之外,周圍還有一种神秘的嗡嗡聲,仿佛我置身于成千上万飛翔的屎克螂中間。后來我再到這個廣場上去,這些怪誕的景象就不見了,只剩下平坦的廣場,這种現象叫我欣喜若狂,覺得這是我的夢境,為我獨有,因此除了我,誰也沒有听見過那种從天上下來撕裂耳膜的聲音。隨著那個聲音一聲怪叫,我和好多人一起涌到一個怪房子前面,別人用長槍在牆上扎了一個窟窿,從里面挑出一團通紅的怪東西來,那東西的模樣有几分像薩其馬,又有几分像牛糞,离它老遠,就覺得臉上發燙,所有的人圍著它欣喜若狂——這情景很像一种原始的祭典。現在我知道,那是大煉鋼鐵煉出的鋼,是生鐵鍋的碎片組成的。——我哥哥當時在念小學,他常常和一幫同齡的孩子一起,闖到附近的農民家里,大叫一聲“大煉鋼鐵”,就把人家做飯的鐵鍋揭走,扔下可怜的一毛錢,而那個鐵鍋就拿到廣場上砸碎了——沒煉時,散在地上就像些碎玻璃,煉過以后就粘在一起了。但是我當時以為在作夢,也就欣喜若狂——雖然身邊有好多人,但是我覺得只有自己在欣喜若狂,因為既然是做夢,別人都是假的,只有我是真的。這种狂喜,和達利畫在畫布上的一模一樣。等到后來知道別人也經歷過大煉鋼鐵,我就感到無比的失望。
Posted by Dun Wang at 15:40 0 comments
Labels: 超现实主义, 大炼钢铁, 大跃进, 王二, 王小波, Cultural Revolution, Wang Xiaobo