“火宅”之喻/ The Lotus Sutra
“三界火宅”之喻，出自后秦鸠摩罗什译《妙法莲华经》的“譬喻品第三”，里面用慈父对诸子的爱做宗教譬喻，很棒。这里把故事部分摘录如下。后面的英语译文是翻译大师 Burton Watson 所做。
。。。‘舍利弗，若国邑聚落，有大长者、其年衰迈，财富无量，多有田宅、及诸僮仆。其家广大，唯有一门，多诸人众，一百、二百、乃至五百人、止住其中。堂 阁朽故，墙壁隤落，柱根腐败，梁栋倾危，周匝俱时、欻然火起，焚烧舍宅。长者诸子，若十、二十、或至三十、在此宅中。长者见是大火从四面起，即大惊怖，而 作是念：“我虽能于此所烧之门、安隐得出，而诸子等，于火宅内、乐著嬉戏，不觉不知，不惊不怖，火来逼身，苦痛切己，心不厌患，无求出意。”’
‘舍利弗，是长者作是思惟：“我身手有力，当以衣祴、若以几案、从舍出之。”复更思惟：“是舍、唯有一门，而复狭小。诸子幼稚，未有所识，恋著戏 处，或当堕落，为火所烧。我当为说怖畏之事，此舍已烧，宜时疾出，勿令为火之所烧害。”作是念已，如所思惟，具告诸子，汝等速出。父虽怜愍、善言诱喻，而 诸子等乐著 嬉戏，不肯信受，不惊不畏，了无出心。亦复不知何者是火，何者为舍，云何为失，但东西走戏、视父而已。’
‘尔时长者即作是念：“此舍已为大火所烧，我及诸子若不时出，必为所焚，我今当设方便，令诸子等得免斯害。”父知诸子、先心各有所好，种种珍玩奇异 之物，情必乐著。而告之言：“汝等所可玩好、稀有难得，汝若不取，后必忧悔。如此种种羊车、鹿车、牛车，今在门外，可以游戏。汝等于此火宅、宜速出来，随 汝所欲，皆当与汝。”尔时诸子闻父所说珍玩之物，适其愿故，心各勇锐，互相推排，竞共驰走，争出火宅。是时长者见诸子等安隐得出，皆于四衢道中、露地而 坐，无复障碍，其心泰然，欢喜踊跃。时诸子等各白父言：“父先所许玩好之具，羊车、鹿车、牛车，愿时赐与。”’
‘舍利弗，尔时长者各赐诸子等一大车，其车高广，众宝庄校，周匝栏楯，四面悬铃。又于其上、张设幰盖，亦以珍奇杂宝而严饰之，宝绳交络，垂诸华缨， 重敷婉筵，安置丹枕。驾以白牛，肤色充洁，形体姝好，有大筋力，行步平正，其疾如风。又多仆从、而侍卫之。所以者何。是大长者、财富无量，种种诸藏，悉皆 充溢。而作是念，我财物无极，不应以下劣小车、与诸子等，今此幼童，皆是吾子，爱无偏党，我有如是七宝大车，其数无量，应当等心各各与之，不宜差别。所以 者何。以我此物、周给一国，犹尚不匮，何况诸子。是时诸子各乘大车， 得未曾有，非本所望。’
‘舍利弗，于汝意云何，是长者、等与诸子珍宝大车，宁有虚妄否？’舍利弗言：‘不也、世尊，是长者、但令诸子得免火 难，全其躯命，非为虚妄。何以故。若全身命，便为已得玩好之具，况复方便，于彼火宅而拔济之。世尊，若是长者，乃至不与最小一车，犹不虚妄。何以故。是长 者先作是意：“我以方便、令子得出。”以是因缘，无虚妄也。何况长者、自知财富无量，欲饶益诸子，等与大车。’
佛告舍利弗：‘善哉善哉，如汝所言。舍利弗，如来亦复如是，则为一切世间之父。于诸怖畏、衰恼、忧患、无明闇蔽，永尽无余，而悉成就无量知见、力无 所畏，有大神力及智慧力，具足方便、智慧波罗蜜，大慈、大悲，常无懈倦，恒求善事，利益一切。而生三界朽故火宅，为度众生、生老病死、忧悲、苦恼、愚痴、 闇蔽、三毒之火，教化令得阿耨多罗三藐三菩提。见诸众生为生老病死、忧悲、苦恼之所烧煮，亦以五欲财利故、受种种苦，又以贪著追求故，现受众苦，后受地 狱、畜生、饿鬼之苦，若生天上、及在人间，贫穷困苦、爱别离苦、怨憎会苦、如是等种种诸苦。众生没在其中，欢喜游戏，不觉不知，不惊不怖，亦不生厌，不 求解脱。于此三界火宅、东西驰走，虽遭大苦，不以为患。舍利弗，佛见此已，便作是念：“我为众生之父，应拔其苦难，与无量无边佛智慧乐，令其游戏。”’
‘舍利弗，如来复作是念：“若我但以神力、及智慧力，舍于方便，为诸众生赞如来知见、力无所畏者，众生不能以是得度。所以者何。是诸众生，未免生老病死、忧悲、苦恼，而为三界火宅所烧，何由能解佛之智慧。”’
‘舍 利弗，如彼长者、虽复身手有力，而不用之，但以殷勤方便、勉济诸子火宅之难，然后各与珍宝大车。如来亦复如是，虽有力、无所畏，而不用之，但以智慧方便， 于三界火宅、拔济众生，为说三乘、声闻、辟支佛、佛乘，而作是言：“汝等莫得乐住三界火宅，勿贪粗敝、色声香味触也。若贪著生爱，则为所烧。汝速出三界， 当得三乘、声闻、辟支佛、佛乘，我今为汝保任此事，终不虚也。汝等但当勤修精进。”如来以是方便、诱进众生，复作是言：“汝等当知此三乘法，皆是圣所称 叹，自在无系，无所依求。乘是三乘，以无漏根、力、觉、道、禅定、解脱、三昧等，而自娱乐，便得无量安隐快乐。”’
‘舍利弗，若有众生， 内有智性，从佛世尊闻法信受，殷勤精进，欲速出三界，自求涅槃，是名声闻乘，如彼诸子为求羊车、出于火宅。若有众生，从佛世尊闻法信受，殷勤精进，求自然 慧，乐独善寂，深知诸法因缘，是名辟支佛乘，如彼诸子为求鹿车、出于火宅。若有众生，从佛世尊闻法信受，勤修精进，求一切智、佛智、自然智、无师智、如来 知见、力无所畏，愍念、安乐无量众生，利益天人，度脱一切，是名大乘，菩萨求此乘故，名为摩诃萨，如彼诸子为求牛车、出于火宅。’
‘舍利弗，如彼长者、见诸子等安隐得出火宅，到无畏处，自惟财富无量，等以大车而赐诸子。如来亦复如是，为一切众生之父，若见无量亿千众生，以佛教 门、出三界 苦、怖畏险道，得涅槃乐。如来尔时便作是念：“我有无量无边智慧、力无畏等诸佛法藏，是诸众生，皆是我子，等与大乘，不令有人独得灭度。”皆以如来灭度而 灭度之。是诸众生脱三界者，悉与诸佛禅定、解脱、等娱乐之具，皆是一相、一种，圣所称叹，能生净妙第一之乐。’
。。。
。。。
"Shariputra, suppose that in a certain town in a certain country there was a very rich man. He was far along in years and his wealth was beyond measure. He had many fields, houses and menservants. His own house was big and rambling, but it had only one gate. A great many people--a hundred, two hundred, perhaps as many as Five Hundred--lived in the house. The halls and rooms were old and decaying, the walls crumbling, the pillars rotten at their base, and the beams and rafters crooked and aslant.
"At that time a fire suddenly broke out on all sides, spreading through the rooms of the house. The sons of the rich man, ten, twenty perhaps thirty, were inside the house. When the rich man saw the huge flames leaping up on every side, he was greatly alarmed and fearful and thought to himself, I can escape to safety through the flaming gate, but my sons are inside the burning house enjoying themselves and playing games, unaware, unknowing, without alarm or fear. The fire is closing in on them, suffering and pain threaten them, yet their minds have no sense of loathing or peril and they do not think of trying to escape!
"Shariputra, this rich man thought to himself, I have strength in my body and arms. I can wrap them in a robe or place them on a bench and carry them out of the house. And then again he thought, this house has only one gate, and moreover it is narrow and small.
My sons are very young, they have no understanding, and they love their games, being so engrossed in them that they are likely to be burned in the fire. I must explain to them why I am fearful and alarmed. The house is already in flames and I must get them out quickly and not let them be burned up in the fire!
"Having thought in this way, he followed his plan and called to all his sons, saying, 'You must come out at once!" But though the father was moved by pity and gave good words of instruction, the sons were absorbed in their games and unwilling to heed them. They had no alarm, no fright, and in the end no mind to leave the house. Moreover, they did not understand what the fire was, what the house was, what the danger was. They merely raced about this way and that in play and looked at their father without heeding him.
"At that time the rich man had this thought: the house is already in flames from this huge fire. If I and my sons do not get out at once, we are certain to be burned. I must now invent some expedient means that will make it possible for the children to escape harm.
"The father understood his sons and knew what various toys and curious objects each child customarily liked and what would delight them. And so he said to them, 'The kind of playthings you like are rare and hard to find. If you do not take them when you can, you will surely regret it later. For example, things like these goat-carts, deer-carts and ox-carts. They are outside the gate now where you can play with them. So you must come out of this burning house at once. Then whatever ones you want, I will give them all to you!'
"At that time, when the sons heard their father telling them about these rare playthings, because such things were just what they had wanted, each felt emboldened in heart and, pushing and shoving one another, they all came wildly dashing out of the burning house.
"At that time the rich man, seeing that his sons had gotten out safely and all were seated on the open ground at the crossroads and were no longer in danger, was greatly relieved and his mind danced for joy. At that time each of the sons said to his father, "the playthings you promised us earlier, the goat-carts and deer-carts and ox-carts--please give them to us now!'
"Shariputra, at that time the rich man gave to each of his sons a large carriage of uniform size and quality. The carriages were tall and spacious and adorned with numerous jewels. A railing ran all around them and bells hung from all four sides. A canopy was stretched over the top, which was also decorated with an assortment of precious jewels. Ropes of jewels twined around, a fringe of flowers hung down, and layers of cushions were spread inside, on which were placed vermillion pillows. Each carriage was drawn by a white ox, pure and clean in hide, handsome in form and of great strength, capable of pulling the carriage smoothly and properly at a pace fast as the wind. In addition, there were many grooms and servants to attend and guard the carriage.
"What was the reason for this? This rich man's wealth was limitless and he had many kinds of storehouses that were all filled and overflowing. And he thought to himself, 'There is no end to my possessions. It would not be right if I were to give my sons small carriages of inferior make. These little boys are all my sons and I love them without partiality. I have countless numbers of large carriages adorned with seven kinds of gems. I should be fair-minded and give one to each of my sons. I should not show any discrimination. Why? Because even if I distributed these possessions of mine to every person in the whole country I would still not exhaust them, much less could I do so by giving them to my sons!
"At that time each of the sons mounted his large carriage, gaining something he had never had before, something he had originally never expected. Shariputra, what do you think of this? When this rich man impartially handed out to his sons these big carriages adorned with rare jewels, was he guilty of falsehood or not?"
Shariputra said, "No, World-Honored One. This rich man simply made it possible for his sons to escape the peril of fire and preserve their lives. He did not commit a falsehood. Why do I say this? Because if they were able to preserve their lives, then they had already obtained a plaything of sorts. And how much more so when, through an expedient means, they are rescued from that burning house! World-Honored One, even if the rich man had not given them the tiniest carriage, he would still not be guilty of falsehood. Why? Because this rich man had earlier made up his mind that he would employ an expedient means to cause his sons to escape. Using a device of this kind was no act of falsehood. How much less so, then, when the rich man knew that his wealth was limitless and he intended to enrich and benefit his sons by giving each of them a large carriage."
The Buddha said to Shariputra, "Very good, very good. In is just as you have said. And Shariputra, the Thus Come One is like this. That is, he is a father to all the world. His fears, cares and anxieties, ignorance and misunderstanding, have long come to an end, leaving no residue. He has fully succeeded in acquiring measureless insight, power and freedom from fear and gaining great supernatural powers and the power of wisdom. He is endowed with expedient means and the paramita of wisdom, his great pity and great compassion are constant and unflagging; at all times he seeks what is good and will bring benefit to all.
'He is born into the threefold world, a burning house, rotten and old. In order to save living beings from the fires of birth, old age, sickness and death, care suffering, stupidity, misunderstanding, and the three poisons; to teach and convert them and enable them to attain anuttara-samyak-sambodhi.
"He sees living beings seared and consumed by birth, old age, sickness and death, care and suffering, sees them undergo many kinds of pain because of their greed and attachment and striving they undergo numerous pains in their present existence, and later they undergo the pain of being reborn in hell or as beasts or hungry spirits. Even if they are reborn in the heavenly realm or the realm of human beings, they undergo the pain of poverty and want, the pain of parting from loved ones, the pain of encountering those they detest--all these many different kinds of pain.
"Yet living beings drowned in the midst of all this, delight and amuse themselves, unaware, unknowing, without alarm or fear. They feel no sense of loathing and make no attempt to escape. In this burning house which is the threefold world, they race about to east and west, and though they encounter great pain, they are not distressed by it.
Shariputra, when the Buddha sees this, then he thinks to himself, I am the father of living beings and I should rescue them from their sufferings and give them the joy of the measureless and boundless Buddha wisdom so that they may find their enjoyment in that.
"Shariputra, the Thus Come One also has this thought: if I should merely employ supernatural powers and the power of wisdom; if I should set aside expedient means and for the sake of living beings should praise the Thus Come One's insight, power and freedom from fear, then living beings would not be able to gain salvation. Why? Because these living beings have not yet escaped from birth, old age, sickness, death, care and suffering, but are consumed by flames in the burning house that is the threefold world. How could they be able to understand the Buddha's wisdom?
"Shariputra, that rich man, though he had strength in his body and arms, did not use it. He merely employed a carefully contrived expedient means and thus was able to rescue his sons from the peril of the burning house, and afterward gave each of them a large carriage adorned with rare jewels. And the Thus Come One does the same. Though he possesses power and freedom from fear, he does not use these. He merely employs wisdom and expedient means to rescue living beings from the burning house of the threefold world, expounding to them the three vehicles, the vehicle of the voice-hearer, that of pratyekabuddha, and that of the Buddha.
"He says to them, 'You must not be content to stay in this burning house of the threefold world! Do not be greedy for its coarse and shoddy forms, sounds, scents, tastes and sensations! If you become attached to them and learn to love them, you will be burned up! You must come out of this threefold world at once so that you can acquire the three vehicles, the vehicles of the voice-hearer, the pratyekabuddha and the Buddha. I promise you now that you will get them, and that promise will never prove false. You have only to apply yourselves with diligent effort!'
"The Thus Come One employs this expedient means to lure living beings into action. And then he says to them, 'You should understand that these doctrines of the three vehicles are all praised by the sages. They are free, without entanglements, leaving nothing further to depend upon or seek. Mount these three vehicles, gain roots that are without outflows, gain powers, awareness, the way, meditation, emancipation, samadhis, and then enjoy yourselves. You will gain the delight of immeasurable peace and safety.'
"Shariputra, if there are living beings who are inwardly wise in nature, and who attend the Buddha, the World-Honored One, hear the Law, believe and accept it, and put forth diligent effort, desiring to escape quickly from the threefold world and seeking to attain nirvana, they shall be called [those who ride] the vehicle of the voice hearer.
They are like those sons who left the burning house in the hope of acquiring goat-carts.
"If there are living beings who attend the Buddha, the World-Honored One, hear the Law, believe and accept it, and put forth diligent effort, seeking wisdom that comes of itself, taking solitary delight in goodness and tranquility, and profoundly understanding the causes and conditions of all phenomena, they shall be called [those who ride] the vehicle of the pratyekabuddha. They are like the sons who left the burning house in the hope of acquiring deer-carts.
"If there are living beings who attend the Buddha, the World-Honored One, hear the Law, believe and accept it, and put forth diligent effort, seeking comprehensive wisdom, the insight of the Thus Come One, powers and freedom from fear, who pity and comfort countless living beings, bring benefit to heavenly and human beings, and save them all, they shall be called [those who ride] the Great Vehicle. Because the bodhisattvas seek this vehicle, they are called mahasattvas. They are like the sons who left the burning house in the hope of acquiring ox-carts.
"Shariputra, that rich man, seeing that his sons had all gotten out of the burning house safely and were no longer threatened, recalled that his wealth was immeasurable and presented each of his sons with a large carriage. And the Thus Come One does likewise. He is the father of all living beings. When he sees that countless thousands of millions of living beings, through the gateway of the Buddha's teaching, can escape the pains of the threefold world, the fearful and perilous road, and gain the delights of nirvana, the Thus Come One at that time has this thought: I possess measureless, boundless wisdom, power, fearlessness, the storehouse of the Law of the Buddhas. These living beings are all my sons. I will give the Great Vehicle to all of them equally so that there will not be those who gain extinction by themselves, but that all may do so through the extinction of the Thus Come One.
"To all the living beings who have escaped from the threefold world he then gives the delightful gifts of the meditation, emancipation, and so forth, of the Buddhas. All these are uniform in characteristics, uniform in type, praised by the sages, capable of producing pure, wonderful, supreme delight.
"Shariputra, that rich man first used three types of carriages to entice his sons, but later he gave them just the large carriage adorned with jewels, the safest, most comfortable kind of all. Despite this, that rich man was not guilty of falsehood. The Thus Come One does the same, and he is without falsehood. First he preaches the three vehicles to attract and guide living beings, but later he employs just the Great Vehicle to save them. Why? The Thus Come One possesses measureless wisdom, power, freedom from fear, the storehouse of the Law. He is capable of giving to all living beings the Law of the Great Vehicle. But not all of them are capable of receiving it.
。。。
